Partners and Staff Partners and Staff
  • Written in the landscape
    • Landscapes of war
    • War infrastructure
  • The two fronts
    • Winter among the peaks
    • Life as a soldier
    • Health, religious rites, cemeteries
    • Characters
  • Inner front and memory
    • Destruction and evacuation
    • Return and reconstruction
    • Voices from Sesto/Sexten

  • For the soldiers who found themselves fighting on the Three Peaks Plateau, winters were long and snowy. The snow fell from October to April and could last until late June in the shaded areas of the highest peaks. The minimum temperature often dropped to -30°C at night, hovering around 0°C during the day.
    Frostbite and avalanches soon became familiar dangers. To help the soldiers survive in such conditions, both staffs provided detailed equipment and instructions. Each Italian soldier, for example, received two sets of woolen garments and three heavy blankets. The troops in the trenches also received coats and shoes lined with fur, clogs, balaclavas, leg wraps, socks, waterproof clothing and sleeping bags. To avoid frostbite, antioxidant fat was distributed to spread on the feet. To limit the damage caused by avalanches, officers from both armies had maps at their disposal showing the points most likely to cause snow loss. Despite this, the winter at high altitude resulted in hundreds of victims.
    As time went on, the general staffs began to take advantage of winter conditions. The attack on Sasso di Sesto/Sextenstein on 21 April 1917 is a clear example of this. The approach of members of the Austro-Hungarian army to the Italian lines took place through a tunnel dug hundreds of meters in the snow. This tunnel made it possible to catch the sentinels by surprise and temporarily conquer the position. It also required the training of departments specialized in the use of winter equipment, including skis used for stealth and surprise attacks as well as sleds for the transport of materials. (GF)

  • War in the high mountains
  • Winter and avalanches
  • Winter equipment

  • The challenges that the soldiers had to face daily on a high mountain front like that of the Sesto/Sexten Dolomites were fiendishly difficult, especially during the cold winter months. Avalanches, frostbite, lack of supplies were normal circumstances for the soldiers located on the Three Peaks Plateau. Even in the summer months, however, the situation was not completely rosy, because the snow was replaced by bombs, rifle shots and machine guns. Sometimes the living conditions became unbearable and someone would end up disobeying the orders of superiors: in those cases, military justice intervened, often with the utmost severity. (GF)

  • Elements of daily life
  • Military discipline and punishments
  • Prisoners of war
  • Jungschützen

  • In the second half of the nineteenth century, Sesto/Sexten became a popular and well-frequented tourist resort, gaining a certain prosperity. The Sesto/Sexten Dolomites were quite seductive, boasting an incomparable landscape and, for mountaineers, the opportunity to conquer the peaks with famous local mountain guides. From time immemorial, however, Sesto/Sexten was also a border town with the Kingdom of Italy and was therefore included in the military structures and plans for a possible war action. The barrier of Sesto/Sexten, with the fortresses of Haideck and Mitterberg, was to prevent an Italian advance and breakthrough in Val Pusteria/Pustertal. Built in the 1880s, at the outbreak of the First World War, the fortresses were by then obsolete and hardly able to withstand the fire of modern artillery. Despite this, both were still used by imperial troops, if only to confuse the enemy. Life in an area that suddenly had become the front line was not easy for the inhabitants of Sesto/Sexten. The quartering and military requisitions in Sesto/Sexten and Moso/Moos put a strain on the relationship between the population and the army.
    This section intertwines the investigation of the events of Sesto/Sexten and its inhabitants during the years of the war – through the results of historical-archival research – with that of the culture of memory of the First World War in the descendants and inhabitants of Sesto/Sexten – through socio-cultural research that involved local communities in the co-production of a common heritage. (SK)

  • Voices of Remembrance: The First World War in Sexten
  • In search of traces of memories
  • The focus group
  • The collectors
  • Archive of interviews

  • When the first Italian shells fell on the village in July 1915, it quickly became clear that the inhabitants of Sesto/Sexten were no longer safe in their homes. At the beginning of August came the order to evacuate the village with a nighttime operation conducted under fog. The men were already at war, and it was mainly women, children and the elderly who had to pack up basic necessities and flee the village. Many sought refuge with relatives and friends in nearby villages. At first, few of them thought that their stay would last long. But things changed on August 12, when Italian incendiary bombs hit the village, and several buildings, including the parish church, were destroyed by flames. Some valuables were rescued by the soldiers, but many inhabitants of Sesto/Sexten lost all their belongings. Only a few refugees managed to secure a home and a regular income during the war. Those who soon run out of cash and savings and were unable to provide for themselves and their relatives had to turn to the state authorities. The paper trail of countless requests for support for refugees made to the Austrian state helps us in present times to reconstruct the difficult fate of the poorest of the refugees in exile. Due to the fame of the tourist resort of Sesto/Sexten, especially in Viennese high society, a number of fundraising and aid drives were carried out successfully, benefiting the population of Sesto/Sexten and enabling the town to overcome at least the most difficult moments. However, many of inhabitants had a strong desire to return home as soon as possible. (SK)

  • Sesto/Sexten between tourism and war
  • The destruction of Sesto/Sexten
  • The refugees of Sesto/Sexten
  • Memories of the evacuation of Sesto/Sexten
  • Life in exile

  • The imperial and royal military leadership did not allow individual farmers to return to the hamlet of Außerberg/ Monte di Fuori until the mid-summer of 1917, when they were allowed to return to tend the harvest. These families were also accompanied by the parish priest Heinrich Schwaighofer, and a small chapel was built for them in the woods for mass (Waldkapelle). Only after the shifting of the front following the rout of Caporetto in 1917, were the inhabitants of Sesto/Sexten able to return to the village and begin the first work of evacuation and reconstruction in the spring of 1918. However, in the last year of the war, the difficulties of the population, aggravated by inflation and food shortages, were great and some families were forced to entrust their children to farmers from other communities, as they were unable to procure the bare necessities for themselves. The real reconstruction of the village could only begin when Sesto/Sexten was annexed to the Italian State, which financed the reconstruction work. Finally, in 1923, eight years after the destruction and flight of the population, the reconstruction of the village was celebrated with a party. The village and its inhabitants, after the most difficult period of their history, sought in the following years to restore and expand their status as a popular and appreciated tourist village. (SK)

  • Return and reconstruction of Sesto/Sexten
  • Memories of the return to Sesto/Sexten
  • The Waldkapelle
  • Memories of the reconstruction

  • Paths, mule tracks, cart tracks, trenches, artillery and machine gun emplacements, caves, barracks, cemeteries, every structure made by human hands has left traces on the Three Peaks Plateau, transforming it deeply. Intimately linked to the landscape, infrastructures are grafted and inscribed on it, shaping it and remaining visible even over a hundred years after the conflict.
    Both on the Austrian and Italian sides, the infrastructure of the territory consisted of three main lines: the advanced positions (those that had the first impact with the opposing front; they could also have an offensive function, such as the Sasso di Sesto/Sextenstein and the Torre di Toblin/Toblinger Knoten), those of maximum resistance (the real front, with all its defensive systems, such as the Torre dei Scarperi/ Schwalbenalpenkopf  or Forcella Lavaredo/Paternsattel) and subsidiary positions (the rear, with all the logistical equipment). Considering the roughness of the terrain and the distances, even the connections along the front could be problematic, especially in the winter months, and therefore the armies equipped themselves with telephone and telegraph lines, optical communication systems, as well as with powerful cableways, motor and hand, for the transport of materials. During the night, wide beams of light produced by searchlights and reflectors illuminated the strip of land between the two fronts, in order to prevent surprise actions. Cannon, howitzer and mortar shots marked the soldiers’ days, shaping the landscape with unmistakable craters. (GF)

  • Transport, roads, trails
  • Cableways
  • Telephone and telegraph lines
  • Aviation in mountain warfare
  • Searchlights
  • Caves and tunnels
  • Food supplies
  • Settlements and barracks

  • The war at high altitude required considerable logistical and material effort for the care of the wounded and sick. In the high mountains there were only first aid structures, while intermediate structures, more spacious and organized, were located in the valley floor. For the most serious cases, transfer to military hospitals in territories even farther away from the front was organized. In addition to historical photographs, there remain recollections of the health infrastructure and biographies of doctors who worked at the front or who visited it.
    For many, religiosity played an important role in making the harshness of war bearable. The private one, of the individual soldiers, can be reconstructed with extreme difficulty through some objects or personal diaries. The rites of official religiosity, on the other hand, are well documented by photographs, drawings and written sources. These sources show that religiosity itself was often exploited for propaganda purposes and to support the war effort. Parish priests and chaplains, such as Feldkurat Josef Hosp on the Austrian side and Don Pietro Zangrando on the Italian side, supported with conviction the causes of their respective staffs, to the extent that they intervened at times: on the front, faith and patriotism were closely intertwined.
    The general staff prepared numerous cemeteries for the fallen. At high altitude, there were emergency cemeteries, in some cases located near the front lines. Time has left barely visible traces of these places. On the Austro-Hungarian front, the cemetery of Toblingerdörfl and that of Zirbenboden are known, both well documented by photographs of the time. Between the two wars, the remains of the soldiers were exhumed and moved to the large cemeteries dedicated to the fallen, in ossuaries or in village tombs, partly for ideological and political reasons. (GF, SK)

  • Military medical service
  • Religion
  • Cemeteries

  • The landscape that characterizes the area on which the research of the Written on the Landscape project focused is the Dolomite medium and high mountains, upon which military structures and infrastructures were grafted. From a naturalistic point of view, a monographic report of the Italian I Army Corps of 1917 proves to be particularly revealing, in which we read: “The region in question is part of the Dolomite Alps, of which it forms the extreme eastern edge, and, in this region, the characters of the Triassic formation are very marked, with local tectonic disturbances […]. The phenomena of erosion have acted intensely on dolomite, a constituent element of these rocks, so as to form irregular and steep slopes, furrowed by deep gullies. The typical example of the intensity of this erosion is given by the Tre Cime di Lavaredo; and where erosion has manifested itself most, shales and sandstones have been laid bare.”
    The report is very detailed and also focuses on the intricate situation of water: “From the orographic complexity of the region results, by natural consequence, a corresponding hydrographic complexity, and it is noteworthy that in a relatively small area there are watercourses unfolding in different and opposite directions. Thus, while the Rio Marzon, the Rio Cengia and the Rio Giralba all have the general north-south direction, the Bacher Bach goes from south to north; and while the Boden Bach runs from west to east, the Schwarze Rienz [Rienza Nera] descends from east to west.” This is followed by climatic considerations, in which the minimum winter temperatures that have been recorded can drop to -30° C, and insights on the vegetation, ranging from coniferous forest, to mountain forest, to rhododendron.1Archivio dell’Ufficio storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, Roma, Monografie del I Corpo d’Armata – Genio – Sistemazione difensiva, AUSSME_B1_110D_23A.
    A complex natural landscape, therefore, that did not make life at high altitude easy for the hundreds of men who faced each other for twenty-nine months, summer and winter, in the Dolomites. (GF)

  • Written in the Landscape 2022
  • Plateau of the Three Peaks
  • Mount Paterno/Paternkofel
  • Sasso di Sesto/Sextenstein
  • Torre di Toblin/Toblinger Knoten
  • Passo Grande dei Rondòi/Wildgrabenjoch
  • The panorama as a military instrument

Team

Waltraud Kofler Engl (WKE) studied art history and history at the Universities of Innsbruck and Florence. She received her doctorate in 1986 with a dissertation on medieval wall painting in Tyrol. From 1986 to 2018, since 1995 in a leading position, she was active in the preservation of architectural and artistic monuments in South Tyrol. Since September 2018, she has been director of the Platform Cultural Heritage Cultural Production at the Faculty of Design and Art of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano. Her publications and research focus on local art, architecture and garden history, theory and practice of monument preservation, conservation, heritage education and outreach, as well as issues of dissonant, uncomfortable cultural heritage of fascism and the militarization of the landscape. In 2022 she has been guest professor at the Institute of History of Architecture and Monument Preservation of the TU Innsbruck. She is a member of ICOMOS Germany and the Working Group for Theory and Teaching of Monument Conservation. As PI of the research project “Written in the Landscape. Places, Traces, Memories. The First World War in the Sesto Dolomites”, she curated with Elisabetta Rattalino the exhibition “Scritto nel paesaggio / In die Landschaft eingeschrieben” and she is editor of the forthcoming (2024) final publication of the project.

Alexandra Cosima Budabin (ACB) studied art history, history, social thought and humanities at Harvard University and New York University. Her undergraduate thesis looked at Holocaust commemoration in Berlin and her Master’s thesis explored refugees through the lens of global citizenship. She held the Leon Milman Memorial Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. She received her doctorate in Politics from the New School for Social Research in 2012. She is a Senior Researcher at the Human Rights Center of the University of Dayton, has been research assistant (AR, unibz) for the Platform Cultural Heritage and Cultural Production from 2020 to 2023 and is now Senior Researcher at the Institute of Minority Rights at EURAC. Her research on gender security, human rights, humanitarianism and development has appeared in World Development, Perspectives on Politics, New Political Science, Human Rights Quarterly, Journal of Human Rights, Humanity, and Third World Quarterly. Her first book Batman Saves the Congo: How Celebrities Disrupt the Politics of Development with Lisa A. Richey was published in 2021 with University of Minnesota Press.

Gaia Piccarolo (GP) is an architect and architectural historian. She received her PhD in History of Architecture and Urban Planning at Politecnico di Torino. Since 2010 she is Adjunct Professor of History of Contemporary Architecture, Urban Planning and Landscape Design at Politecnico di Milano. Since 2013 she has been a member of the editorial board of the architectural magazine Lotus International. She received the habilitation as Associate Professor in Restoration and History of Architecture (sector 08/E2). She has curated several exhibitions and published extensively on contemporary architecture, urban planning and landscape design, with special reference to Brazilian modernism and the circulation of ideas and models between Europe and the Americas and at disciplinary encroachments between architecture, art and landscape in contemporary debates. Her research has been presented at international seminars and conferences in Europe, the United States, Canada and Brazil. She is author, among the other publications, of the volume Architecture as Civil Commitment: Lucio Costa’s Modernist Project for Brazil (Routledge, 2019) and curator of the forthcoming (2024) final publication of the project “Written in the Landscape”.

Thomas Benedikter (TB), economist and social researcher, adult educator, author of nonfiction books, works full-time in political education, political consulting and research. Numerous publications on ethnic conflicts, autonomy, minority rights, political, social and economic aspects of South Tyrol as well as on direct democracy and citizen participation. In addition to many years of professional activity in empirical social and economic research and in comparative autonomy studies in his home region of South Tyrol, Benedikter has been continuously active since 1983 in civic education and engagement, above all for peace and disarmament, North-South solidarity, human and minority rights, trade union issues, direct democracy and citizen participation. Since 1984, Benedikter has co-founded several civil society organisations and has directed the POLITiS centre for political education and research since 2013. He works as a freelance author, researcher and as a lecturer at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano. From 2021 to 2022 he has been assistant researcher (AR, unibz) for the project “Written in the Landscape”.

Andrea Di Michele is professor of Contemporary History at the Faculty of Education at the Free University of Bozen/Bolzano. He works on twentieth-century history, with a special focus on border regions, Italian fascism and the history of republican Italy. Among his recent publications: Rethinking Fascism. The Italian and German Dictatorships, Berlin/Boston, de Gruyter, 2022 (with Filippo Focardi) where he published an essay on the history of fascist monuments in Bolzano. In 2018 he published the volume Tra due divise. La Grande Guerra degli italiani d’Austria, Laterza, Rome-Bari 2018, translated into German in 2020 and Russian in 2022. Among his previous publications: Storia dell’Italia repubblicana 1948-2008 (Garzanti, Milan 2008, reprinted in 2015); La difesa dell’italianità. L’Ufficio per le zone di confine a Bolzano, Trento e Trieste (1945- 1954) (with D. D’Amelio and G. Mezzalira, il Mulino, Bologna 2015); Fu la Spagna! Lo sguardo fascista sulla Guerra civile spagnola (with D. Aronica, Como-Pavia 2017).

Susanne Elsen is full professor for social science at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano teaching in the trilingual courses on BA-, MA- and PhD-level. She studied social pedagogy, educational science, sociology and economics. She obtained her doctorate at the University of Trier and the habilitation at the Technical University of Dresden. She is engaged in professional activities in the field of soft tourism development and sustainable urban and regional development. Her research deals with community-based labour market policy and solidarity-based economy. She is a member of the expert group of United Nations Task Force for Social and Solidarity Economy and editor of Nomos, Journal of Social Economy and Common Welfare. Among her publications: Eco-Social Transformation and Community-Based Economy (New York: Routledge, 2019).

Gianluca Fondriest (GF) is an archaeologist and museum educator. After graduating with a bachelor’s degree in Cultural Heritage and a master’s degree in Archaeology (Trent, Groningen), he pursued a master’s degree in Advanced Studies in Museum Education (Rome). After graduation he started working in the field of professional archaeology, conducting over the years survey missions of structures related to World War I in Trentino and South Tyrol, emergency archaeological excavations (from prehistoric to modern times), surveys, 2D and 3D documentation. Since 2015, he has worked as a museum educator for the Department for Cultural Heritage – Archaeological Heritage Office (Soprintendenza ai Beni Culturali, ufficio beni archeologici) of the Autonomous Province of Trento, and for the Castello del Buonconsiglio. In recent years he has curated several exhibitions on archaeological and artistic themes in Trentino. His current research – also developed as an assistant researcher (AR, unibz) for the project “Written in the Landscape”  from 2021 to 2022 – focuses on the identification, gps surveying, mapping, and three-dimensional documentation of wartime evidence in the Dolomite environment.

Rupert Gietl, Mag. phil; studied Classical Archaeology and History at the Universities of Vienna and Mainz, and Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing as co-investigator at the Vienna University of Technology; freelance archaeologist in the research company Arc-Team (www.arc-team.com), which he co-founded with three colleagues in 2005, with offices in Cles (TN) and Sesto. His work focuses on archaeological research from the Stone Age to modern times in Trentino/ South Tyrol and Friuli Venezia Giulia, as well as on the implementation and development of open-source solutions (hardware and software) for historic preservation. His work includes projects abroad in Armenia, Georgia and Iran, teaching activities at the Universities of Innsbruck and Siena, publications on high mountain archaeology, WW1 on the mountain front and South Tyrol topics, with a specialization in high-resolution object surveying, as well as in largescale recording of cultural objects with a special focus on the high mountains and the glacier region.

Sabine Viktoria Kofler (SK) is a historian and author. She completed her studies in history (BA and MA) at the Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck with an analysis of war diaries and constructions of masculinity among Austrian soldiers in World War I. Her research looks at World War I, with a particular focus on the war in the mountains on the southern front and the soldiers’ experiences of war. In 2019 she was involved in the film documentary “Dazwischen. Tirol-Südtirol-Trentino zwischen 1918-1922” by Verena Gruber and Stefan Nicolini, commissioned by RAI as part of historical film and photo research. From 2018-2020, she was a project collaborator on the South Tyrolean Wine Museum Kaltern’s research project “Der Saltner – Amtsperson und Kunstfigur. Objekte aus der Sammlung des Südtiroler Weinmuseums als dingliche Quellen für ökonomische, ökologische und gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen und Umbrüche im Südtiroler Weinbau.” From 2021 to 2022 she has been assistant researcher (AR, unibz) for the project “Written in the Landscape”. In 2023 she published her book Adolf Hitler Entlarvt! Die Südtirolfrage im öffentlichen Diskurs 1920 bis 1928 (Raetia Verlag, 2023).

Claudia Polizzi (CP) is a graphic designer and illustrator. She completed her studies in systems graphics and visual communication at ISIA in Urbino in 2011 and in the same year moved to Bolzano where she still lives. In 2017, after a long period of practice, she founded her own graphic design and visual communication studio specializing in coordinated image projects, exhibition design and editorial graphics and collaborating with museums and cultural spaces. Since 2021, she has been in charge of the visual communication of the exhibitions and communications of Mart in Rovereto. As assistant researcher (AR, unibz) for the project “Written in the Landscape” she curated the exhibit design and the visual identity of the exhibition “Scritto nel paesaggio / In die Landschaft eingeschrieben”, the project website and app and the forthcoming (2024) publication.

Elisabetta Rattalino (ER) is an art historian, currently Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the research team of the project “Written in the Landscape. Places, traces and memories of the World War I in the Sexten Dolomites”, for which she curated with Waltraud Kofler Engl the exhibition “Scritto nel paesaggio / In die Landschaft eingeschrieben”. Her research engages with artistic practices, and visual and design cultures from 1945 to present day, with a focus on rural environments and landscapes, especially in Italy. Her work has been supported by CIMA – Centre for Italian Modern Art (New York), the Margaret and Alfred Forrest Trust (Edinburgh) and the Master dei Talenti della Società Civile (Turin). Elisabetta holds a PhD from the School of Art History of the University of St Andrews (2018), and she was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Free University of Bolzano as part of the project “Scientific Visualisation: Impact on Practice” (2018-2021).

Daniela Salvucci (DS) is a sociocultural anthropologist and researcher at the Faculty of Education of the Free University of BozenBolzano. Currently, she works on mountain peoples’ cultures and the history of anthropology in South Tyrol. From 2019 to 2020 she was researcher (RTDA, unibz) at the Platform Cultural Heritage and Cultural Production. She worked for the MFEA-The Malinowski Forum for Ethnography and Anthropology project at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano. She did her Ph.D. in Anthropology, Ethnology and Cultural Studies at the University of Siena, conducted ethnographic research in Argentina and visited institutes such as IAI-Ibero Amerikanisches Institut in Berlin and CEMLA-Centro Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericano in Buenos Aires. Her thematic fields are family and kinship studies, indigenous rituals and territories in the Andean area, history of anthropology, and patrimonial practices.

Stephan Schmidt-Wulffen is a German philosopher and art historian who works in the epistemology of arts and design. From 2016 to 2019 he has been dean of the Faculty of Design and Art, Free University of Bolzano, and until 2021 he was Full Professor in art theory at the same university. As rector of the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna (2002-2011) and as Head of the New Design University, St.Pölten, Austria (2011-2016) he was engaged in the future development of universities. He studied philosophy, linguistics and communication design in Cologne, Constance and Wuppertal and received his PhD in 1987. Between 1992 and 2000, he was the director of the Kunstverein in Hamburg and taught at different universities in Europe and the US. He is also Honorary Professor for aesthetics and artistic knowledge at Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany.

*contributors to the website are identified by their initials

Guest Contributor:
Kassian Lanz is a PhD candidate at the University of Innbruck working on the topic “”Eine transnationale Geschichte des Sanitätswesens? Das österreichisch-ungarische und das italienische Militärsanitätswesen an der Gebirgsfront im Ersten Weltkrieg.” In April 2020, he received the Silvius Magnago Scholarship. He received Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees in History at the University of Innsbruck.

* The authors of the website texts are identified by their initials.

Partners

Verein Bellum Aquilarum / Associazione Bellum Aquilarum: www.bellumaquilarum.it

Sexten Tourismusverein / Associazione turistica di Sesto: www.sesto.it

Gemeinde Sexten / Comune di Sesto: www.sexten.eu

Evaa – Etnologischer Verein Südtirol / EVAA – Associazione Antropologica Alto Adige: www.ev-aa.org

Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra di Rovereto: www.museodellaguerra.it

Österreichische Gesellschaft für Festungsforschung, Wien: www.kuk-fortification.net

Arc-Team, Cles

In collaboration with

Archivio Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, Roma

Dreizinnen Dolomites AG, Sexten

Francesco Frizzera, Direktor Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra, Rovereto

Hugo Reider, Präsident Bellum Aquilarum

Istituto Storico e di Cultura dell’Arma del Genio, Roma

Maria Luise Hofer, Direktorin des Tourismusvereins Sexten

Museo Centrale del Risorgimento, Roma

Nicola Fontana, Verantwortlicher für das Archiv des Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra, Rovereto

Pietro di Michele, Vicepräsident Bellum Aquilarum

Reinfrid Vergeiner, Österreichische Gesellschaft für Festungsforschung, Wien

Rupert Gietl, Arc-Team, Cles

Sigrid Wisthaler, Direktorin Bellum Aquilarum

Our gratitude to

Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv, Wien

Archivio Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, Rom

Dolomitenkriegsarchiv Dr. Hugo Reider/Peter Kübler

Fondazione Archivio Diaristico Nazionale, Pieve Santo Stefano AR

Gemeindearchiv Innichen/ Archivio comunale di San Candido

Gemeindearchiv Sexten/ Archivio comunale di Sesto

Gemeinde Sexten/Comune di Sesto

Istituto Storico e di Cultura dell’Arma del Genio, Rom

Kriegsarchiv, Wien

Museo Centrale del Risorgimento, Rom

Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra, Rovereto

Österreichische Gesellschaft für Festungsforschung Wien

Private Fotosammlung Hans Opfergeld, Südtirol/Collezione privata fotografica Hans Opfergeld, Alto Adige

Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano

Stadtarchiv Bruneck/Archivio storico di Brunico

Südtiroler Landesarchiv Bozen/Archivio provinciale di Bolzano

Tirol Archiv Photographie (TAP), Lienz

Tiroler Landesarchiv, Innsbruck

Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Bibliothek, Innsbruck

Zentrum für Erinnerungskultur und Geschichtsforschung, Innsbruck

Our personal thanks to

Albert Tschurtschenthaler

Alessandro Luigini

Alexander Schwabl

Alex Pedratscher

Andreas Summerer

Angelica Budabin

Christian Innerkofler

Col. Giulio Milone

Daniel Schönegger

Daniela Zambelli

Elisabeth Stampfer

Georg Fuchs

Georg Lanzinger

Giulia Marchio

Hansjörg Rogger

Hermann Rogger

Hugo Reider

Josef Tschurtschenthaler

Marco Pizzo

Margareth Lanzinger Mair

Marianna Wassermann Stabinger

Oswald Mederle

Paula Egarter

Peter Kübler

Rudolf Holzer

Rupert Gietl

Salka Klos

Stephan Schmidt-Wulffen

Ten. Col. Emilio Tirone

Thomas Summerer, Mayor of Sesto/Sexten

Ursula Stampfer