The refugees of Sesto/Sexten - Written in the landscape

The war at high altitude required considerable logistical and material effort for the care of the wounded and sick. In the high mountains there were only first aid structures, while intermediate structures, more spacious and organized, were located in the valley floor. For the most serious cases, transfer to military hospitals in territories even farther away from the front was organized. In addition to historical photographs, there remain recollections of the health infrastructure and biographies of doctors who worked at the front or who visited it.
For many, religiosity played an important role in making the harshness of war bearable. The private one, of the individual soldiers, can be reconstructed with extreme difficulty through some objects or personal diaries. The rites of official religiosity, on the other hand, are well documented by photographs, drawings and written sources. These sources show that religiosity itself was often exploited for propaganda purposes and to support the war effort. Parish priests and chaplains, such as Feldkurat Josef Hosp on the Austrian side and Don Pietro Zangrando on the Italian side, supported with conviction the causes of their respective staffs, to the extent that they intervened at times: on the front, faith and patriotism were closely intertwined.
The general staff prepared numerous cemeteries for the fallen. At high altitude, there were emergency cemeteries, in some cases located near the front lines. Time has left barely visible traces of these places. On the Austro-Hungarian front, the cemetery of Toblingerdörfl and that of Zirbenboden are known, both well documented by photographs of the time. Between the two wars, the remains of the soldiers were exhumed and moved to the large cemeteries dedicated to the fallen, in ossuaries or in village tombs, partly for ideological and political reasons. (GF, SK)

The landscape that characterizes the area on which the research of the Written on the Landscape project focused is the Dolomite medium and high mountains, upon which military structures and infrastructures were grafted. From a naturalistic point of view, a monographic report of the Italian I Army Corps of 1917 proves to be particularly revealing, in which we read: “The region in question is part of the Dolomite Alps, of which it forms the extreme eastern edge, and, in this region, the characters of the Triassic formation are very marked, with local tectonic disturbances […]. The phenomena of erosion have acted intensely on dolomite, a constituent element of these rocks, so as to form irregular and steep slopes, furrowed by deep gullies. The typical example of the intensity of this erosion is given by the Tre Cime di Lavaredo; and where erosion has manifested itself most, shales and sandstones have been laid bare.”
The report is very detailed and also focuses on the intricate situation of water: “From the orographic complexity of the region results, by natural consequence, a corresponding hydrographic complexity, and it is noteworthy that in a relatively small area there are watercourses unfolding in different and opposite directions. Thus, while the Rio Marzon, the Rio Cengia and the Rio Giralba all have the general north-south direction, the Bacher Bach goes from south to north; and while the Boden Bach runs from west to east, the Schwarze Rienz [Rienza Nera] descends from east to west.” This is followed by climatic considerations, in which the minimum winter temperatures that have been recorded can drop to -30° C, and insights on the vegetation, ranging from coniferous forest, to mountain forest, to rhododendron.1Archivio dell’Ufficio storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, Roma, Monografie del I Corpo d’Armata – Genio – Sistemazione difensiva, AUSSME_B1_110D_23A.
A complex natural landscape, therefore, that did not make life at high altitude easy for the hundreds of men who faced each other for twenty-nine months, summer and winter, in the Dolomites. (GF)

For the soldiers who found themselves fighting on the Three Peaks Plateau, winters were long and snowy. The snow fell from October to April and could last until late June in the shaded areas of the highest peaks. The minimum temperature often dropped to -30°C at night, hovering around 0°C during the day.
Frostbite and avalanches soon became familiar dangers. To help the soldiers survive in such conditions, both staffs provided detailed equipment and instructions. Each Italian soldier, for example, received two sets of woolen garments and three heavy blankets. The troops in the trenches also received coats and shoes lined with fur, clogs, balaclavas, leg wraps, socks, waterproof clothing and sleeping bags. To avoid frostbite, antioxidant fat was distributed to spread on the feet. To limit the damage caused by avalanches, officers from both armies had maps at their disposal showing the points most likely to cause snow loss. Despite this, the winter at high altitude resulted in hundreds of victims.
As time went on, the general staffs began to take advantage of winter conditions. The attack on Sasso di Sesto/Sextenstein on 21 April 1917 is a clear example of this. The approach of members of the Austro-Hungarian army to the Italian lines took place through a tunnel dug hundreds of meters in the snow. This tunnel made it possible to catch the sentinels by surprise and temporarily conquer the position. It also required the training of departments specialized in the use of winter equipment, including skis used for stealth and surprise attacks as well as sleds for the transport of materials. (GF)

Infographic showing where refugees from Sesto found shelter during the war years. © Claudia Polizzi – Graphic Design Studio, Bozen-Bolzano.

Application for refugee support by Anna Pfeifhofer for herself, her father, three sons, two daughters and a niece, who had fled Sesto/Sexten in August 1915 and settled in San Candido/Innichen. GA Sexten, 1916-17, food supply. © Municipal Archives Sesto/Archivio comunale di Sesto.

Refugee register of the municipality of Dobbiaco/Toblach from October 1918. ASBZ, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, 1162. © Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano.

Typewritten letter from Alois Viertler to the k.k.. Bezirkshauptmannschaft in Brunico/Bruneck dated February 21, 1918 regarding his refugee assistance. ASBZ, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, 1162. © Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano.
Typewritten letter from Alois Viertler to the k.k.. Bezirkshauptmannschaft in Brunico/Bruneck dated February 21, 1918 regarding his refugee assistance. ASBZ, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, 1162. © Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano.

Letter of the municipal secretary Franz Happacher from exile in Lienz about the assistance of refugees in San Candido/Innichen, July 31, 1917. Transcription: “To the community head in San Candido. In response to the postcard of July 28th requesting the allocation of a quantum of petroleum for refugees from Sexten [Sesto] to the merchant Müller there, the request was made to be presented to the district administration here, and we are pleased to inform you that Dr. Steidl explained to the person in charge that the deadline for petroleum allocations had long since passed and that Innichen [San Candido] had also received the corresponding quantum for refugees from Sexten [Sesto]. At the end of August, the petroleum restriction would expire, and in September such petroleum would be released. On this occasion I would like to ask the refugees from Sexten [Sesto] not to be so harsh, some of them complain that they sometimes do not receive any bread. Also for the delivery of hay, the people of Sexten [Sesto], who perhaps do not have 20 head of cattle in Innichen [San Candido], will be asked to provide hay, because perhaps some of them have leased a couple of plots of land. If the people of Sexten [Sesto] obtain more hay than they need for their few cattle, they will be willing to provide it in exchange for Innichen [San Candido]. But I find it strange that the people of Sexten [Sesto] want to be called upon for the first delivery! Lienz, 31.7.1917 F. Happacher”. GA Innichen, box 448, fascicle b. © Gemeindearchiv Innichen/Archivio comunale di San Candido.

„Die Mütter von Sexten“ [The Mothers of Sexten], Neues Wiener Tagblatt, 23. April 1916. NWT, 23.4.1916.

„Feuilleton. Pustertaler Volk und Priester im Kriege“ [Feature article. Pustertal people and priests in the war], Neues Wiener Tagblatt, 30. Mai 1916. NWT, 30.5.1916.

Letter from the principal of Sesto/Sexten concerning a delivery of school desks for the refugee children of Sesto/Sexten to San Candido/Innichen, donated by the city of Innsbruck, September 15, 1915. GA Sexten, 1915, Folder M. © Gemeindearchiv Sexten/Archivio comunale di Sesto.
Letter from the principal of Sesto/Sexten concerning a delivery of school desks for the refugee children of Sesto/Sexten to San Candido/Innichen, donated by the city of Innsbruck, September 15, 1915. GA Sexten, 1915, Folder M. © Gemeindearchiv Sexten/Archivio comunale di Sesto.

Application for refugee assistance by Anton Tschurtschenthaler for himself and his wife Margaret, who fled Sesto/Sexten on August 16, 1915, 1918. ASBZ, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, 1162. © Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano.

Letter from Anton Tschurtschenthaler to the Lienz district administration requesting recognition of refugee assistance, dated September 8, 1917. Transcription: “To the Lienz district administration. The person made the application asks for the refugee assistance regulated by law for himself, his wife and his 11-year-old boy. Applicant was owner in Sexten vulgo Glatzer Haus No. 24 and was forced to leave his home on August 16, 1915. He himself is 65 years old, his wife is 50 years old and has foot problems, the youngest boy is of school age and is housed in Kostort, his two older children are barely able to earn their own bread (sic!). His property is ruined. His saved guilders are used up, clothes and linen are used up, his strength is worn out and he is no longer able to care for his own without help. He therefore turns to the löbl. k.k.. Bezirkshauptmannschaft with the request to provide him with ample support for refugees, so that he can pay his debts and halfway cover his losses, which he suffered in cash and material damage as a result of the evacuation, and to grant him regular support in the future, as the other destitute refugees of Sexten [Sesto] also receive, and which is provided for refugees according to the Ministerial Decree. At the same time, he requests that this request be dealt with or forwarded in the most efficient manner, since he has already expressed his need only in the most extreme, untenable case. Anton Tschurtschenthaler. Dobbiaco, 8 Sept. 17. NB. Completion, possibly instruction requests Ant. Tschurtschenthaler for the attention of his wife Margareth Tschurtschenthaler drzt. in Niederdorf HNr. 85, as he himself is staying on the alp as a temporary shepherd.” ASBZ, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, 1162. © Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano.
Letter from Anton Tschurtschenthaler to the Lienz district administration requesting recognition of refugee assistance, dated September 8, 1917. Transcription: “To the Lienz district administration. The person made the application asks for the refugee assistance regulated by law for himself, his wife and his 11-year-old boy. Applicant was owner in Sexten vulgo Glatzer Haus No. 24 and was forced to leave his home on August 16, 1915. He himself is 65 years old, his wife is 50 years old and has foot problems, the youngest boy is of school age and is housed in Kostort, his two older children are barely able to earn their own bread (sic!). His property is ruined. His saved guilders are used up, clothes and linen are used up, his strength is worn out and he is no longer able to care for his own without help. He therefore turns to the löbl. k.k.. Bezirkshauptmannschaft with the request to provide him with ample support for refugees, so that he can pay his debts and halfway cover his losses, which he suffered in cash and material damage as a result of the evacuation, and to grant him regular support in the future, as the other destitute refugees of Sexten [Sesto] also receive, and which is provided for refugees according to the Ministerial Decree. At the same time, he requests that this request be dealt with or forwarded in the most efficient manner, since he has already expressed his need only in the most extreme, untenable case. Anton Tschurtschenthaler. Dobbiaco, 8 Sept. 17. NB. Completion, possibly instruction requests Ant. Tschurtschenthaler for the attention of his wife Margareth Tschurtschenthaler drzt. in Niederdorf HNr. 85, as he himself is staying on the alp as a temporary shepherd.” ASBZ, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, 1162. © Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano.

Correspondence between the municipality of Dobbiaco/Toblach and the district administration of Brunico/Bruneck concerning the subsequent payment of refugee assistance to Anton and Margaret Tschurtschenthaler, August 16, 1918. Transcription: “Gemeindevorstehung Toblach am 16. August 1918. Subject: Tschurtschenthaler Anton u. Margaret Flüchtlingsunterstützung. To the k.k. Bezirkshauptmannschaft in Bruneck. The refugees Anton Tschurtschenthaler and his wife Margaret from Sexten [Sesto], who are being supported by the imperial and royal district governorate of Lienz. The refugees Anton Tschurtschenthaler and his wife Margaret from Sexten [Sesto], who were granted refugee assistance of 2 K per day by the imperial and royal district administration of Lienz under No. 144 and who were paid the same for the period from July 21, 1917 to March 31, 1918, while they were staying in Innichen [San Candido], have been living in Toblach [Dobbiaco] since April of this year. have been living in Toblach [Dobbiaco] since the month of April of this year, have petitioned the authorities for the use of the outstanding refugee allowance from April 1, 1918 to July 31, 1918 to be paid to them in arrears and also for the further granting of the refugee allowance as of August 1, 1918, since according to their statement they are not yet able to enter their homeland. […]”. ASBZ, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, 1162. © Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano.

Letter from Anton Tschurtschenthaler concerning a request for additional payment of missing refugee contributions for himself and his wife, March 1919. Transcription: “To the district administration Civilkomissär Bruneck. According to the decision of 15.11.18 Zl. 6284/5, I and my wife were awarded a refugee allowance of 4 K. daily as of 1.4.18. I received this regularly until December 18. In January 19 I received 49 K., on 24 [February] 19 187 K., so that these two sums together make up the support for January and February, thus the refugee support contributions are outstanding from March 1. I now make the polite request for payment of the missing amounts in arrears, since it is impossible for a refugee to acquire the most necessary things in view of the enormous inflation. I request that the missing amounts be transferred to the municipality of Toblach [Dobbiaco] for me and my wife. Toblach [Dobbiaco], [10] March 1919 Anton Tschurtschenthaler”. ASBZ, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, 1162. © Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano.

When the Italian shells reached the village of Sesto/Sexten in July 1915, causing the first casualties, the Austrian military command decided to evacuate the village on the night between 3 and 4 August. In one fell swoop, about a thousand people, mainly women, children and the elderly, became war refugees. Initially, the population was supposed to be housed in a refugee camp, like almost all other refugees in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The inhabitants of Sesto/Sexten managed to avoid this sad fate and initially settled with friends and family in the surrounding villages of the Val Pusteria/Pustertal. Most of the population of Sesto/Sexten went to the nearby villages of San Candido/Innichen and Dobbiaco/Toblach and remained there for the duration of the war. However, San Candido/Innichen was also bombarded by Italian artillery and partially destroyed, which is why many inhabitants of Sesto/Sexten had to flee a second time during the war. In total, refugees from Sesto/Sexten emigrated to more than twenty towns in South Tyrol, most of them distributed among the communities of the Val Pusteria/Pustertal.
While some inhabitants of Sesto/Sexten managed to survive for a while away from home with their savings, most of the refugees left all their possessions behind in Sesto/Sexten, where they were destroyed in the great fire of August 12, 1915. Although there were some private initiatives and aid campaigns to provide refugees with financial aid and in-kind donations after fleeing, many of them soon began to depend on longer-lasting state support measures. It was necessary to apply for access to this “refugee support”, which had to be verified and approved by the authorities, in this case by the mayor of the municipality where the refugees were hosted and by the district administration of Lienz, Austria. The money was transferred to the municipalities, which kept their own registers of refugees hosted in their municipality and their support amounts. Often this lengthy bureaucratic procedure delayed the receipt of the money by several months, which would have been extremely urgent. In some cases, accountability checks were also carried out to verify whether the applicant persons and families actually needed support. Mistakes were often made in this process. For example, sixty-year-old Alois Viertler was denied assistance because the authorities mistakenly believed that he still received the salary of his miller job in Sesto/Sexten. Following the evacuation of the village, he had first gone to San Candido/Innichen to live with his brother and then, in 1916, settled in Dobbiaco/Toblach, where he had to count on the help of his former employer, who supported him financially. Seriously ill and wounded in his right hand, it was impossible for him to earn an income on which he could live, so he was forced to ask for an increase in support, which was granted to him following an audit of his living conditions.1Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, 1162, Alois Viertler Flüchtlingsunterstützung, 21 Februar 1918.
The parish priest of Sesto/Sexten, Heinrich Schwaighofer, took special care of the needs of the refugees in Sesto/Sexten, for example by gathering collections and donations for them. Franz Happacher, municipal secretary of Sesto/Sexten, was responsible for managing the various operations with the municipal administration of Lienz and ensured that the inhabitants of Sesto/Sexten were not ignored when it came to delivering food to the individual municipalities where they had found refuge.2Gemeindearchiv Sexten/Archivio comunale di Sesto, 1916/17, Lebensmittelversorgung 1916, Brief von Franz Happacher an die Gemeinde Vorstehung in Vierschach, 24.7.1916.
Especially smaller local archives, such as municipal and family archives, provide a lot of information on the situation of refugees and open the field for further research, at least to the extent that materials are accessible to researchers.

(SK)

Holzer, Rudolf (2002). Sexten. Vom Bergbauerndorf zur Tourismusgemeinde. Sesto/Sexten: Tappeiner Verlag.

Staatsarchiv Bozen, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, 1162, Alois Viertler Flüchtlingsunterstützung, 21. Februar 1918.

Gemeindearchiv Sexten, 1916/17, Lebensmittelversorgung 1916, Brief von Franz Happacher an die Gemeinde Vorstehung in Vierschach, 24. Juli 1916.

Relief actions for the population of Sesto

The fate of the refugees was especially worrying in Viennese high society, which before the war loved to stay in Sesto/Sexten for tourism, thus generating a wave of donations, in-kind and monetary, for the people of Sesto/Sexten, forced to leave behind in Sesto/Sexten most of their goods, also destroyed by the fire of August 1915. In letters to their Viennese acquaintances, the peple of Sesto/Sexten express thanks for their generous donations. The shoes for the children of refugees, more urgent and necessary than ever, were delivered in time for the arrival of winter. When it became clear that it would not be possible to return home soon and that stocks were dwindling, the parish priest of Sesto/Sexten, Heinrich Schwaighofer, wrote to the Viennese director of the “Neues Wiener Tagblatt”, Emanuel von Singer, asking for support: “I can describe the situation of the inhabitants of Sesto entrusted to me in a few words: everything has been lost, except for the few personal effects that could be transported in the rapid escape”.3von Singer, Die Mütter von Sexten. The appeals were successful, so much so that the priest soon sent another letter of thanks to Vienna for the distribution of donations: “From the bottom of my heart, I thank you very much for all the gifts Your Excellency has given to the poor through me. Thank you a thousand times! I brought shoes, cloth and money to distribute to the refugees living near me. […] Everything will be distributed as soon as possible. Thank you also for the reports in the ‘Neues Wiener Tagblatt’, which made it possible to collect several hundred wreaths for refugees, confirming the noble heart of the Viennese.”4von Singer, Feuilleton. Pustertaler Volk und Priester im Kriege.
Another generous donor and promoter of actions in favor of the destroyed village of Sesto/Sexten and its refugees was the Viennese lawyer Rudolf von Granichstaedten-Czerva. In early 1918, under his leadership, several relief organizations were founded, including the “Hilfsaktion für die Dorfgemeinde Sexten (Tirol)” (“Relief Action for the Village Community of Sexten, Tyrol”) in Vienna, with prominent members and supporters of politics and nobility.5Das zerstörte Sexten.
But gifts and donations for the people of Sesto/Sexten also came from less distant Innsbruck. In the autumn of 1915, school desks for refugee children in Sesto/Sexten were provided by the city administration of Innsbruck and handed over to San Candido/Innichen.6Gemeindearchiv Sexten/Archivio comunale di Sesto, 1915, Mappe M, Brief an die Gemeinde-Vorstehung von Sexten, 15.9.1915.
In a way, Sesto/Sexten benefited from the high profile it enjoyed as a pre-war tourist resort, especially among the Viennese. Thanks to the personal relationships that had been formed at that time, the inhabitants of Sesto/Sexten were able to turn to people like Emanuel von Singer and Rudolf von Granichstaedten-Czerva in their time of need. The latter was awarded honorary citizenship of Sesto/Sexten in 1918 for his services to the town.7Hof- und Personalnachrichten.

(SK)

Singer, Emanuel von (1916). Die Mütter von Sexten, Neues Wiener Tagblatt, 23. April.

Singer, Emanuel von (1916). Feuilleton. Pustertaler Volk und Priester im Kriege, Neues Wiener Tagblatt, 30. Mai.

Das zerstörte Sexten, Neues Wiener Tagblatt, 8. Februar 1918.

Gemeindearchiv Sexten, 1915, Mappe M, Brief an die Gemeinde-Vorstehung von Sexten, 15. September 1915.

Hof- und Personalnachrichten, Neues Wiener Tagblatt, 26. April 1918.

The fate of refugees in exile

For many families, fleeing and sometimes even returning home meant having to separate children from their parents. The case of the Tschurtschenthaler family shows how difficult the fate of a refugee family can be. Anton Tschurtschenthaler and his wife Margaret of Mitterberg/Monte di Mezzo fled with their children in August 1915, like many other people of Sesto/Sexten, first finding refuge in the nearby village of San Candido/Innichen and later settling in Dobbiaco/Toblach. All the properties of Sesto/Sexten had been destroyed or lost during the evacuation and the last money saved had been exhausted, so much so that Anton Tschurtschenthaler, now at the end of his strength, had to turn to the authorities of Lienz in 1917. He was no longer able to provide for himself and his family despite working temporarily as a pastor. The sixty-five-year-old therefore requested a refugee allowance, since his fifty-year-old wife Margaret was also “unsteady”, and that the two eldest children were unable to earn a living.8Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, Brief des Anton Tschurtschenthaler an die k.k. Bezirkshauptmannschaft in Lienz, 8. September 1917.
The Tschurtschenthaler family obtained support due to the urgent conditions and remained in Dobbiaco/Toblach until March 1918. Although Anton Tschurtschenthaler was ready to return to his destroyed homeland in the spring of 1918, food shortages forced him to send his thirteen-year-old daughter Anna and eleven-year-old son Josef back to Dobbiaco/Toblach to stay with a farmer “for food”. The Tschurtschenthaler family therefore also asked for further payment of the support for the two children, despite the fact that the parents had already returned to Sesto/Sexten and had therefore lost the right to support.9Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, Brief der Gemeindevorstehung Toblach an die k.k. Bezirkshauptmannschaft in Bruneck, Betreff Tschurtschenthaler Anton u. Margaret Flüchtlingsunterstützung, 16. August 1918. After describing their unfortunate situation, they continued to receive payments until February 1919, when they were stopped. The family turned again to the authorities, as extreme post-war inflation did not allow them to buy even basic necessities.10Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, Brief des Anton Tschurtschenthaler an die Bezirkshauptmannschaft Civilkommissär Bruneck, [10]. März 1919. However, since Sesto/Sexten had already been reopened to refugees for return, any measures of support by the Austrian state towards the refugees also ceased. However, the Tschurtschenthaler family applied to the new Republic of Austria for payment of the arrears, a right that was recognized but could not be guaranteed.11Staatsarchiv Bozen/Archivio di Stato di Bolzano, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, Brief von Anton u. Margareth Tschurtschenthaler an das kg. Zivilkommissariat in Bruneck, Betreff Tschurtschenthaler Anton und Margaretha, Flüchtlingsunterstützung Nachzahlung, 20. November 1919.

(SK)

Staatsarchiv Bozen, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, Brief des Anton Tschurtschenthaler an die k.k. Bezirkshauptmannschaft in Lienz, 8. September 1917.

Staatsarchiv Bozen, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, Brief der Gemeindevorstehung Toblach an die k.k. Bezirkshauptmannschaft in Bruneck, Betreff Tschurtschenthaler Anton u. Margaret Flüchtlingsunterstützung, 16. August 1918.

Staatsarchiv Bozen, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, Brief des Anton Tschurtschenthaler an die Bezirkshauptmannschaft Civilkommissär Bruneck, [10]. März 1919.

Staatsarchiv Bozen, Behörden der staatlichen Verwaltung Bruneck bis 1924, Brief von Anton u. Margareth Tschurtschenthaler an das kg. Zivilkommissariat in Bruneck, Betreff Tschurtschenthaler Anton und Margaretha, Flüchtlingsunterstützung Nachzahlung, 20. November 1919.

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Infographic showing where refugees from Sesto found shelter during the war years.